The medical specialty of gastroenterology focuses on problems with the digestive system. Gastroenterologists are in charge of identifying and treating diseases of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Some of the most common illnesses they have to deal with include GERD, gastric and duodenal ulcers, malignant tumors, inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and rectal abnormalities. Gynecology, which addresses female genital issues, and obstetrics, which treats women who are pregnant, each has a unique historical development path. Prior to the 17th century, royal and aristocratic households had their routine deliveries attended to by women's midwives (see midwifery), but this practice was beginning to change as European doctors began to practice obstetrics. The profession continued to grow and reach the middle class after then. The invention of delivery forceps, anesthesia, Ignaz Semmelweis's discovery of the underlying cause of puerperal ("childbed") fever, and his introduction of antiseptic procedures in the delivery room are some significant advancements in obstetrical practice.
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